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太阳能 编光电转换 锁定本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。光电转换是通过光伏效应把太阳辐射能直接转换成电能的过程。这一过程的原理是光子将能量传递给电子使其运动从而形成电流。光生载流子的数量与光强度有关,因此,反向饱和电流会随着光强的变化而变化,从而可以把光信号的变化转为电流及电压的变化。这一过程有两种解决途径,常见的一种是使用以硅为主要材料的固体装置,另一种则是使用光敏染料分子来捕获光子的能量。染料分子吸收光子能量后将使半导体中的带负电的电子和带正电的空穴分离。
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只有当光照射pn结时才能使耗尽层内产生载流子(电子-空穴对),载流子被结内电场加速形成光电流。利用该原理制成的光电二极管称为耗尽层光电二极管。耗尽层光电二极管有pin层、pn层、金属-半导体型、异质型等CCD(Charge Coupled Device)即电荷耦合器件,通过输入面上光电信号逐点的转换、储存和传输,在其输出端产生一时序信号。光电器件主要有:利用半导体光敏特性工作的光电导器件、利用半导体光伏打效应工作的光电池和半导体发光器件等。随着科技的进步,CCD技术日臻完善,已广泛用于安全防范、电视、工业、通信、远程教育、可视网络1电话等领域。
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