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关键词:数控车床;设计;进给系统
汽车转向节是汽车上应力***集中、形状***复杂的零件之一,需要具有良好的机械性能。它的加工质量直接影响到汽车的操作性和安全性。随着汽车数量的迅猛增加,转向节的需求也随之上升,因此提高生产效率是至关重要的。但由于其结构的复杂性,给机械加工带来一定难度,特别是转向节杆部及法兰端面的加工,尺寸精度和位置精度很难保证。传统的转向节杆部及法兰端面的加工采用普通卧式车床或简易卧式数控车床,设计简易车具,利用尾座***将转向节夹持在车具和尾座***之间,车具拨动转向节旋转进行加工。此种加工工艺方法的不足:工件装夹困难;车具无配重,转速提高受限;加工效率低。鉴于上述对传统转向节生产工艺的分析,为了解决传统加工转向节杆部及法兰端面生产工艺的不足,我们开发设计了一种新的加工转向节杆部的专用立式数控车床。该设备具有同规格立式数控车床的工艺性能,同时具备加工转向节的***性,同时减轻了工人装夹工件的劳动强度,是一种一举两得的理想设备。
1 转向节专用立式数控车床工艺方案分析
1.1 整体式转向节工艺特性
形状如羊角,结构复杂;毛坯为锻件,加工余量大,特别是法兰盘根部圆弧部分;工件偏重,转动惯量大;***夹紧困难。
1.2 机床方案
根据转向节工艺特性和***夹紧要求,该机床采用主轴偏置的立式数控车床结构,在传统立式数控车床的基础上,增设尾座***部件,并设计专用车具,形成***加工转向节的新型机床,同时仍具备通用数控立车的功能。电气控制系统为日本FANUC-0i-Mate数控系统。液压系统为符合ISO标准的叠加阀结构。
1.3 机床的工作循环
安装工件—***夹紧—数控滑台快移—X、Z轴联动,同时主轴旋转—完成外圆加工—数控滑台快退至原位—伺服刀架换刀—数控滑台快移—X、Z轴联动,完成工件外圆各槽的加工—数控滑台快退至原位—伺服刀架换刀—数控滑台快移—X、Z轴联动,完成工件各螺纹的加工—数控滑台退至原位—松卡—卸下工件—进入下一循环。
2 转向节专用立式数控车床部件设计
2.1 主轴箱设计
2.1.1 主轴箱结构设计
本机床为立式结构,主轴箱就是传统意义上的床身 ,其作用一是安装主轴及其传动系统,二是支撑立柱即在其上安装的纵横滑板和电动刀架。因此要求主轴箱具有据够的刚性,结构必须合理,长期使用不变形。
2.1.2 主轴箱传动系统
传动比确定:机床主要加工转向节,兼顾通用数控立车功能,传动比为1:10,***低转速为63转“分钟,***高转速为1000转“分钟;转动路线确定:传动路线采用伺服电机通过行星减速箱、皮带轮驱动主轴单元使主轴旋转;主轴单元结构:采用主轴单元结构目的是方便制造、安装、维修。选用主轴单元结构要适合加工转向节特殊件的需要。选用主轴单元结构要适应加工转向节特殊件的需要,***满足刚性要求,旋转精度的长久稳定性;第二要有夹紧油缸及分油装置;第三动力卡盘和专用车具可快速切换,实现通用立式数控车床功能和专用转向节数控加工的切换。据此,选用的主轴单元为标准50规格的车主轴支撑形式,具有高刚性、高精度的特点。
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